Hopes have been raised for the viability of geothermal energy in the UK, after exploratory drilling in Weardale, County Durham, revealed record levels of permeability in granite. Whilst the results are promising for the search for low carbon energy resources, they may have less welcome implications for safe disposal of radioactive waste in deep repositories.
16 February 2010
Scientists from Newcastle University were investigating potential sources of geothermal energy, which is becoming increasingly popular in the search for low-carbon energy resources. Granite can be particularly useful as it can be rich in radioactive elements that generate heat as they decay. The permeability of the rock is important, as heat is extracted by pumping ‘working fluids’ such as water into the rock and drawing it back up again.
‘Hydrogeologists have traditionally viewed granite as poorly permeable, and this has led to a bit of a “counsel of despair” over the chances of finding decent permeability in granite’ says Professor Paul Younger, who led the research, due to be published on 19 February in the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology.
‘We decided to challenge that pessimistic assumption, to see if we could find permeability at depth. And, eureka, we found it: as far as we can tell, the highest permeability ever recorded for a granite anywhere in the world’.
The results were obtained by pumping naturally-occurring saline groundwater from an exploratory borehole and monitoring the change in water levels. A permeability of almost 200 darcies – a unit of permeability - was recorded. This is far higher than most prolific oil and gas reservoirs, and on a par with water wells in the Chalk that supplies London. The scientists believe the find is not unique to the Weardale granite, as there are similar granites worldwide which may display equally high levels of permeability.
‘This is great news for geothermal energy because high natural permeability means that time and money won’t need to be sunk into artificially developing permeability by means of hydraulic stimulation – a costly and uncertain business’, says Professor Younger.
However, the research also suggests that caution needs to be taken when selecting sites for nuclear waste disposal. Granite is a popular rock in which to site repositories, and the higher than expected permeability of the rock suggests that safety estimates previously made may have to be reconsidered. Although repositories will obviously be located in areas where there is no large-scale faulting, more care will have to be taken to ensure that excavations will not enter ground that is more permeable than expected.
‘The discovery that granite can in places be as permeable as the Chalk Aquifer is a little disquieting for repository construction in granite’, says Professor Younger.
‘If these structures are avoided, it ought to be possible to construct successful repositories in granite; however, it will require more detailed geological mapping than might otherwise have been undertaken – which is not entirely bad news for us geologists of course!’
Full bibliographic information
P. L .Younger & D. A. C. Manning, 'Hyper-permeable granite: lessons from test-pumping in the Eastgate Geothermal Borehole, Weardale, UK'. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Vol. 43, pp 1-7