Appendix for Evans et al: Spatial variations in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr  in Britain.

This map was produced because of the need to provide a source of information about the variation in Sr biosphere values across Britain to enable archaeologists to provenance ancient biosphere material, most commonly in the form of tooth enamel.  It may also provide a useful reference source for some environmental and forensic studies. The map is a first attempt and is based on samples, of a number of different types, collected from across Britain.  Consideration of the sample density, the number of analyses on which the estimates are base, and the marine effect should all be considered when using the map for provenance studies. 
A number of recent studies have tackled the problem of reference strontium isotope data, for archaeological purposes, and recommended differing approaches for the method of sample collection strategies, sample types and data display methods. These studies have been summarized in Evans et al. (2009).  No single sample type or method is ideal so this study documents, compares and contrast data from five main sources.

Soil.  Soils sample a small area and the isotope composition derived from them may depend on the nature of the leaching process used.  It is also a measurement of the modern environment.  It provides an estimate of what may be released into the biosphere (the soil labile component) rather than a direct biosphere measurement.  The benefits of soil samples are that they are relatively easy to collect and process, and widely available.

Water.  This includes river water, pond/lake water, borehole and tap waters.  River water samples provide an averaged value of the catchment areas of the stream/river.  They can have variable isotope composition depending upon season and rainfall (Shand et al. 2007a) and may introduce values into an area that are typical of the upper catchment rather than water from the immediate area of interest.  Borehole water will provide an aquifer value most appropriate to wells and mineral water.  Modern tap water will be the average of a large modern catchment system or possibly de-salinated water in some parts of the world.  Lake water will be a mixture of rainwater, river feeder system and equilibration with the lake bed.

Plants. These provide a direct biosphere measurement. However, they only sample a small area of land and may reflect modern soil conditions, such as fertilizer use and ploughing depth, which may not be appropriate for reconstructing archaeological biospheres.  The relative root depth between large trees and surface rooted annuals may create composition variations.  In arid areas, the source of wind blown dust on the surface of plants may contribute significantly to the ingested composition (Benson et al. 2008); however in the maritime climate of the UK this is unlikely due to high rainfall.  Plants require more care in collecting, preserving, drying and preparing than other sample types. 

Snail/modern bone.  Snail shell provides a time-averaged sample of the vegetation the animal has grazed over a period of years from an area of several square metres.  The calcite shells are easy to dissolve and contain high concentrations of strontium (Evans et al. in press).  Modern bone provides a good average value of biosphere strontium in animals such as sheep, but modern feed supplements may affect the values.  Domestic animals cannot be assumed to be of local origin without supporting documentation due to the countrywide trade and transport of livestock.    In arid and desert regions there may be sufficient wild and domestic carcass material to collect to provide the basis of a study(Porder et al. 2003) but in the UK such material is not commonly available and trapping can only be undertaken by official vermin exterminators..   
 
Archaeological dentine/bone. In the maritime climate of Britain, this material has the advantage that when buried, it will start to equilibrate with groundwater close to the time of burial (Trueman et al. 2004) and thus provides a method for looking at diagenetic fluids from the past  and providing a comparison with modern data (Evans 1995; Montgomery et al. 2007).  Archaeological tooth enamel has been used as an “ideal” source of data as it preserves the dietary composition of animals from the past.  Pig teeth (Bentley 2003)  and cattle teeth (Evans & Tatham 2004) have been used to identify “local signature” in the past.  This material is not without problems: pig teeth are poorly mineralised (Kirkham et al. 1988) and may not preserve the life signature during burial.  Cattle may display variable isotope composition within a single tooth due to migration or dietary change(Horstwood et al. 2008).  The availability of both is dependent on good bone preservation and therefore finds will be biased towards non-acidic burial environments

Methodology.
The data for this map were acquired over a number of years and there has been some variation in sample processing during that time, primarily with regard to the handling of the plant samples.  Plant samples were washed, and dried either in an oven at 40°C or allowed to dry naturally in paper bags.  The samples were then crushed to a “tea-leaf” consistency.  About half the samples were reduced to a powder using a cryogenic mill, while the remainder were used in “tea-leaf” form.  Microwave dissolution was found to be the most efficient method of sample dissolution.  About 0.1 gram of plant material was placed into a microwave container and 5 mls of 3M HN03 was added.  The containers were heated on a hot plate to allow the initial reaction, and associated gas release, to occur before the capsules were sealed.  Samples were microwaved for 20 minutes at 170° C after a slow ramp up and were then decanted into Savillex beakers and dried down in a HEPA filtered clean lab.  They were converted to chloride form by drying down in 5 ml of 6MHCl, taken up in 2.5MHCl, and centrifuged, to remove residues. 
The surface of shells, inside and outside, was abraded using a dental burr to remove surface contamination and a fragment of c 0.03 gram was taken.  Fragments were cleaned with acetone, an ultrasonic de-ionised water wash, 40°C de-ionised water wash and  finally given a de-ionised water rinse.  Dentine is usually collected from tooth samples when preparing enamel.  It is cut from the tooth and subjected to the same cleaning process as the snail shell.  Bone is treated in a similar way once a small sample had been cut.  Soils are leached using de-ionised water.  About a gram of soil is place in a centrifuge tube and 10 mls of de-ionised water is added.  It is shaken several times over 24 hours. The sample is then centrifuged and the supernatant fluid decanted off into a Savillex beaker.  About 2 mls of 6M HCl is added to the solution and it is dried down over night, leaving residues in chloride form. This is then taken up in 2.5MHCl.  The snail shells, bone and dentine were dissolved in 8M HNO3, dried down, converted to chloride, using 6MHCl and taken up in calibrated 2.5MHCl.

Separation and analysis of strontium
The strontium was separated using Dowex AG8 -X12 resin (200-400 mesh).  Samples were loaded on to Re filaments with TaF in a method adapted from (Birck 1986) and run on either a Finnigan 262 multi-collector or a Thermo Triton multi-collector mass spectrometer.  Data are fractionation corrected to an 86Sr/88Sr ratio of 0.1194 and all 87Sr/86Sr ratios were normalised to 0.710250 using the within run value of NBS987.  Two or three standards are run in every turret and typical reproducibility over circa a week for the Finnigan was NBS987 values of: 0.710202 ± 0.000026 (n=22, 2s) and for the Triton: NBS987: 0.710280 ± 0.000010 (n=19, 2s). All data are analysed to an internal precision of 0.000014 (2SE) or better.  Laboratory blanks are below 100pg and microwaved samples had higher blanks up to 300pg. 

The strontium isotope composition of the samples is given in Appendix Table 1 along with the sample type, geographic position, in metric Longitude and Latitude, and simplified lithological and/or stratigraphic details and source details.   

Results 
Below is the process used to document, sort, classify and group the data prior to compiling the map.
•	All data was documented. Appendix Table 1
•	 Data were subdivided into geological times and rock types. Appendix Table 1
•	Where possible, different samples types were separated out (i.e. plant, water etc). Appendix Table 1
•	Coastal or/and island data were taken out and documented in a separate table. (Appendix Table 2)
•	Areas where there were non-lithological controls on the data were highlighted, e.g. glacial and surficial deposits and hotspots.
•	The average and 1 standard deviation (1s) range of each category was calculated (1 sigma was used to focus on core values). Appendix Table 1 and  summarised in Table 1 of the main paper and Appndix Figure 1.
•	Data were split into 0.001 intervals.  However the two highest categories were wider.  The data are given in Appendix Table 1. 
•	The map was coloured using principally plant data, but combined data was used where plant data was insufficient. Figure 1b main paper. Sample locations are given in  Figure 1a.
•	Areas of sparse data cover  (Figure 1a) were extrapolated from lithologically similar rock types using correlations given in Appendix Table 3
•	A comparison of data from plants and snail shell from the sample localities is given in Appendix Table 4

Acknowledgements The following people are thanked for samples used in this study. 
Mike Parker Pearson for allowing us to use samples collected in the AHRC funded Beaker People Project (RG/AN847/APN19382), Kay Lakin, Terry Faull, Bea Hopkinson, Richard Lee, Jonathon Sant of the Holy water project, Baz Hughes, Jean Evans, Phil Stone, Julie Bond, Hilary Sloane, Morag Hunter, Sarah Viner, Rona McGill, Nigel Melton, Andrew Wilson and  Andy Gledhill

Reference List

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Shand, P., Love, A.J., Darbyshire, D.P.F. & Edmunds, W.M., 2007b, Sr isotopes in natural waters: Applications to source characterisation and water-rock interaction in contrasting landscapes: Water-Rock Interaction, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings, 27-35.
Spiro, B., Darbyshire, D.P.F., Smith, B., Ferguson, A.J., Antich, N. & Nunez, R., 2001, Isotope study of the origin and distribution of sulphate in waters from the Worcester Basin, UK: Water-Rock Interaction, Vols 1 and 2, 1147-1150.
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Toolis, R., by, w.c., J. Barrett, N. Boulton, C. Chenery, J. Evans, D. Hall, A. MacSween, Melikian, M. & Richards, M., in press, Excavation of medieval graves at St Thomas' Kirk, Hall of Rendall, Orkney.: Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 138.
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Trueman, C.N.G., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Tuross, N. & Weiner, S., 2004, Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya: diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids: Journal of Archaeological Science, 31, 721-739.

Appendix Table 1.  87Sr/86Sr isotope composition of samples used to construct the biosphere map of Britain presented in the main paper.  *From reservoirs in Snowdonia, North Wales.  Previously unpublished data is un-numbered.  Data are from other sources is as follows, 1)(Montgomery et al. 2007), 2)(Shand et al. 2007b), 3)(Trickett 2007b),  4) (Montgomery et al. 2006), 5)  (Evans & Tatham 2004) ,   6) (Montgomery 2002), 7) (Spiro et al. 2001), 8) (Bain & Bacon 1994) 9)   (Keefe 2007),  10)  (Evans & Bullman 2009),  11) (Montgomery et al. in press) ,12) Melilikin pers comm., 13)(Montgomery et al. 2005),  14) (Toolis et al. in press), 15)  (Leach et al. 2009), 16)  (Brettell 2008).   Where necessary data had been re-normalised to NBS987 = 0.710250 

Sample	Sample type	Longitude	Latitude	87Sr86Srn	rock type	source	
01) Quaternary 						 	
EASS-1	Soil	0.1160	53.6501	0.709673	Till	 	
02) Palaeogene-dentine					 	
SOU 1355-448d	Dentine	-1.4016	50.8979	0.709112	Clay	 	
CHE-654D	Dentine	-0.1883	51.4816	0.709237	Clay	3	
KL 19950D	Dentine	-0.0774	51.5167	0.708614	Clay	 	
KL 22640D	Dentine	-0.0774	51.5167	0.710214	Clay	 	
KL 23103D	Dentine	-0.0774	51.5167	0.708910	Clay	 	
SPR-1	Dentine	-0.0782	51.5168	0.709912	Clay	6	
average				0.7093		 	
1s				0.0006		 	
n				6		 	
03) Cretaceous Chalk					 	
Dwplant-06	Plant	-1.7868	51.1924	0.707863	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-02	Plant	-1.7720	51.1994	0.707667	Chalk	 	
E-Wet-1	Plant	-0.5762	54.0197	0.707805	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-01	Plant	-1.8264	51.1789	0.707936	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-04	Plant	-1.8264	51.1789	0.707937	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-07	Plant	-1.7603	51.1890	0.708385	Chalk	 	
Hull-1	Plant	-0.4482	53.8417	0.708489	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-03	Plant	-1.7720	51.1994	0.708700	Chalk	 	
Dwplant-08	Plant	-1.7720	51.1994	0.708745	Chalk	 	
average				0.7082		 	
1s				0.0004		 	
n				9.0		 	
04) Cretaceous Chalk					 	
WIN-C	Soil	-1.3165	51.0630	0.707576	Chalk	6	
MW-C	Soil	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707559	Chalk	6	
MW-S1	Soil	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707660	Chalk	6	
MW-S2	Soil	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707677	Chalk	6	
WH-C	Soil	-0.6057	54.1710	0.707414	Chalk	6	
average				0.7076		 	
1s				0.0001		 	
n				4		 	
05) Cretaceous Chalk					 	
WWH-351d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.707771	Chalk	 	
F23E	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707824	Chalk	6	
F23A	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707837	Chalk	6	
F23A	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707896	Chalk	6	
F23B	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707909	Chalk	6	
WWH-388d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.707900	Chalk	 	
F23B	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707919	Chalk	6	
F23D	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.707936	Chalk	6	
WWH-161d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.707933	Chalk	 	
WWH-173d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.707989	Chalk	 	
F23D	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.708106	Chalk	6	
AL19 dentine	Dentine	-0.7491	54.0475	0.708161	Chalk	1	
WWH-121d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.708226	Chalk	 	
G319	Dentine	-1.3165	51.0630	0.708243	Chalk	6	
SMV-2 Bone	Dentine	-1.7720	51.1994	0.708315	Chalk	 	
G318	Dentine	-1.3165	51.0630	0.708350	Chalk	6	
G326	Dentine	-1.3165	51.0630	0.708377	Chalk	6	
CW8 dentine	Dentine	-0.7325	53.9925	0.708603	Chalk	2	
G339	Dentine	-1.3165	51.0630	0.708630	Chalk	6	
WWH-348d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.708657	Chalk	 	
F23C	Dentine	-1.9753	50.9209	0.708673	Chalk	6	
WWH-275d	Dentine	-0.5762	54.0197	0.708700	Chalk	 	
average				0.7082		 	
1s				0.0003		 	
n				22		 	
06) Cretaceous Chalk					 	
JMW 39	Water	-1.5427	51.0721	0.707711	Chalk 	4	
BMW	Water	-1.2339	51.5668	0.707915	Chalk 	 	
WLS	Water	-1.2368	51.5614	0.707924	Chalk 	 	
97/1420	Water	0.5551	51.3562	0.707938	Chalk 	 	
10279-0013	Water	0.1226	52.0733	0.707966	Chalk 	 	
average				0.7079		 	
1s				0.0001		 	
n				5		 	
07) Cretaceous - Greensand					 	
WH-S	Soil	-0.6057	54.1710	0.708394	 Greensand	6	
GIR-1.1	Plant	0.0813	52.2411	0.708444	 Greensand	 	
average				0.7084		 	
1 s 				0.00004		 	
n				2		 	
08) Jurassic Clay						 	
SCAR-3	Plant	-0.8328	54.1178	0.708707	Clay	 	
SCAR-5	Plant	-0.9063	54.0783	0.709366	Clay	 	
Hull-6	Plant	-0.6593	53.2743	0.709691	Clay	 	
SCAR-1	Plant	-0.6922	54.3386	0.709509	Clay	 	
KET-24	Plant	-0.4107	52.6555	0.710243	Clay	5	
KET-26	Plant	-0.6494	52.6360	0.710225	Clay	5	
SCAR-4	Plant	-0.6063	54.4900	0.711132	Clay	 	
SCAR-2	Plant	-0.6802	54.4255	0.709693	Limestone 	 	
KET-17	Plant	-0.5277	52.6507	0.708922	Limestone 	5	
KET-12	Plant	-0.5885	52.6451	0.709934	Limestone 	5	
KET-12	Plant	-0.5885	52.6451	0.709953	Limestone 	5	
KET-13	Plant	-0.5102	52.6442	0.710437	Limestone 	5	
KET-21	Plant	-0.4129	52.6366	0.708784	Limestone 	5	
KET-20	Plant	-0.4272	52.6494	0.708842	Limestone 	5	
average				0.7097		 	
1 s 				0.0007		 	
n				14		 	
09) Triassic						 	
BF-S1	Soil	-2.2492	51.8669	0.709991	Clay	6	
DH2 dentine	Dentine	-0.6561	54.0905	0.708920	Clay	1	
GRIS-1d	Dentine	-0.3330	54.2233	0.710619	Clay	 	
Crow skull	Dentine	-0.4018	54.2804	0.708143	Limestone 	 	
FLIX-1d	Dentine	-0.6834	53.6246	0.709008	Clay	 	
77	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.710247	Clay	6	
89	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.709724	Clay	6	
209	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.709900	Clay	6	
341	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.710202	Clay	6	
341	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.710274	Clay	6	
357	Dentine	-2.2492	51.8669	0.709989	Clay	6	
Riccall soil 1	Soil	-1.0594	53.8336	0.710304	Sandstone	 	
Bees-10bd	Dentine	-3.5895	54.4893	0.709400	Sandstone	 	
YRS-2-R	Dentine	-1.0928	53.9588	0.709350	Sandstone	15	
YRS-37-R	Dentine	-1.0928	53.9588	0.709373	Sandstone	15	
WASP-153d	Dentine	-1.6140	52.2265	0.710534	Mudstone	11	
WASP-190d	Dentine	-1.6140	52.2265	0.710378	Mudstone	11	
WASP-1d	Dentine	-1.6140	52.2265	0.710140	Mudstone	11	
Hull-5	Plant	-1.1504	53.7696	0.709372	Sandstone	 	
Hull-4	Plant	-0.8255	53.8298	0.710181	Mudstone	 	
Hull-3	Plant	-1.3453	53.8167	0.708637	Limestone	 	
Hull-2	Plant	-1.3128	53.7653	0.708997	Limestone	 	
JMW 17	Water	-1.4184	54.9200	0.710255	Limestone	4	
JMW 15	Water	-2.7723	54.7694	0.710052	Limestone	4	
SK2-S	Soil	-2.5002	51.4892	0.709329	Limestone 	6	
SK1a	Dentine	-2.5002	51.4892	0.709833	Limestone 	6	
SK1b	Dentine	-2.5002	51.4892	0.709900	Limestone 	6	
SK2a	Dentine	-2.5002	51.4892	0.710094	Limestone 	6	
SK2b	Dentine	-2.5002	51.4892	0.709966	Limestone 	6	
average				0.7097		 	
1 s 				0.0006		 	
n				25		 	
10) Triassic						 	
JMW 16	Water	-2.9691	54.1663	0.709586	Sandstone	4	
SRA303	Water	-2.0994	52.3065	0.709237	Mudstone	7	
SRA301	Water	-2.1124	52.2705	0.709338	Mudstone	7	
SRA302	Water	-2.1143	52.2732	0.709360	Mudstone	7	
SRA207	Water	-2.2557	52.0167	0.709371	Mudstone	7	
SRA206	Water	-2.2684	52.0183	0.709385	Mudstone	7	
SRA305	Water	-2.1272	52.1971	0.709387	Mudstone	7	
SRA205	Water	-2.2208	52.0254	0.709398	Mudstone	7	
SRA209	Water	-2.2946	52.0256	0.709416	Mudstone	7	
SRA204	Water	-2.2684	52.0472	0.709423	Mudstone	7	
SRA310	Water	-2.0467	52.2515	0.709443	Mudstone	7	
SRA212	Water	-2.2378	52.0696	0.709517	Mudstone	7	
SRA307	Water	-2.1448	52.2029	0.709566	Mudstone	7	
JMW 35	Water	-1.1878	52.7106	0.709631	Mudstone	4	
SRA211	Water	-2.2435	52.0815	0.709685	Mudstone	7	
SRA203	Water	-2.2435	52.0815	0.709704	Mudstone	7	
SRA202	Water	-2.2865	52.0573	0.709750	Mudstone	9	
SRA210	Water	-2.3031	52.0317	0.710191	Mudstone	7	
SRA208	Water	-2.2989	52.0270	0.710238	Mudstone	7	
SRA311	Water	-2.0476	52.2502	0.710279	Mudstone	7	
Tabley Mere	Water	-2.4166	53.2874	0.710934	Mudstone	 	
SRA213	Water	-2.2434	52.0564	0.710935	Mudstone	7	
SRA201	Water	-2.3062	52.0117	0.711608	Mudstone	7	
SRA312	Water	-2.0900	52.2229	0.709253	Clay	7	
SRA308	Water	-2.0925	52.2410	0.709312	Clay	7	
SRA306	Water	-2.0971	52.1887	0.709398	Clay	7	
SRA304	Water	-2.0954	52.2041	0.709404	Clay	7	
SRA309	Water	-2.0465	52.2362	0.709442	Clay	7	
JMW 37	Water	-2.3671	51.5011	0.708459	Clay	4	
average				0.7097		 	
1 s 				0.0006		 	
n				29		 	
11) Carb. Grit,  Midlands					 	
REP 2	Soil	-1.5484	52.8397	0.711530	Gritstone	 	
JMW 11	Water	-1.5638	53.9875	0.711026	Gritstone	4	
JMW 24	Water	-2.0280	53.2165	0.711923	Gritstone	4	
JMW 25	Water	-1.6253	53.3056	0.711943	Gritstone	4	
JMW 32	Water	-1.7865	53.6572	0.711462	Gritstone	4	
JMW-68	Water	-1.7088	53.5841	0.711747	Gritstone	4	
JMW 38	Water	-1.6698	55.1629	0.711424	Gritstone	4	
average				0.7116		 	
1 s 				0.0003		 	
n				7		 	
12) Carb. Grits. S Devon					 	
HWP-6	Water	-4.4333	50.6833	0.712453	Gritstone	 	
HWP-16	Water	-4.0724	50.8192	0.712459	Gritstone	 	
JMW 29	Water	-4.1872	50.9257	0.712497	Gritstone	4	
JMW 10	Water	-4.1872	50.9257	0.712504	Gritstone	4	
JMW 28	Water	-3.8851	50.8533	0.712566	Gritstone	4	
HWP-5	Water	-4.5487	50.7753	0.713271	Gritstone	 	
average				0.7126		 	
1 s 				0.0003		 	
n				6		 	
13) Carb. Grits., N Devon					 	
HWP-1	Water	-4.5151	50.9946	0.710617	Gritstone	 	
HWP-14	Water	-4.5234	50.9377	0.710694	Gritstone	 	
HWP-8	Water	-4.1481	50.5450	0.710713	Gritstone	 	
HWP-9	Water	-4.2575	50.8254	0.710847	Gritstone	 	
average				0.7107		 	
1 s 				0.0001		 	
n				4		 	
14) Carb. Lmst						 	
bam 13	Plant	-1.7923	55.5635	0.709019	Limestone 	 	
EBP-35	Plant	-2.6800	56.2320	0.709019	Limestone 	 	
EBP-36	Plant	-2.8350	56.2050	0.709053	Limestone 	 	
BAM 10	Plant	-1.7111	55.6083	0.709089	Limestone 	 	
BAM 07	Plant	-1.7127	55.6101	0.709097	Limestone 	 	
BAM 01	Plant	-1.7078	55.6181	0.709143	Limestone 	 	
BAM 05	Plant	-1.7127	55.6101	0.709186	Limestone 	 	
EBP-34	Plant	-2.7340	56.3160	0.709216	Limestone 	 	
BAM 02	Plant	-1.7063	55.6092	0.709357	Limestone 	 	
BAM 08	Plant	-1.7111	55.6101	0.709510	Limestone 	 	
BCAS-1	Plant	-1.9251	54.5298	0.708997	Limestone 	 	
average				0.7092		 	
1 s 				0.0002		 	
n				11		 	
15) Carb. Lmst						 	
PHSK025s	Soil	-3.1905	55.9497	0.709285	Limestone 	12	
Bam 15	Soil	-1.6964	55.6093	0.709182	Limestone 	 	
BAM 16	Soil	-1.6964	55.6093	0.708987	Limestone 	 	
BAM 17	Soil	-1.7159	55.6029	0.708566	Limestone 	 	
BAM 18	Soil	-1.6701	55.5722	0.708663	Limestone 	 	
average				0.7089		 	
1 s 				0.0003		 	
n				5		 	
16) Carb. Lmst						 	
PH81 SK011d	Dentine	-3.1905	55.9497	0.709470	Limestone 	12	
PH81 SK016d	Dentine	-3.1905	55.9497	0.709307	Limestone 	12	
PHSK016d	Dentine	-3.1905	55.9497	0.709214	Limestone 	12	
PHSK016d	Dentine	-3.1905	55.9497	0.709224	Limestone 	12	
SF8658 dent	Dentine	-2.3605	54.9911	0.709523	Limestone 	 	
COV-672D	Dentine	-1.5112	52.4059	0.709776	Limestone 	3	
average				0.7094		 	
1 s 				0.0002		 	
n				6		 	
17) Carb. Lmst 						 	
JMW 06	Water	-3.9483	51.8419	0.709260	Limestone 	4	
BAM 21	Water	-1.7111	55.6092	0.709831	Limestone 	 	
HWP-2	Water	-4.2797	50.6406	0.710010	Limestone 	 	
HWP-13	Water	-3.9298	50.7305	0.710280	Limestone 	 	
JMW 33	Water	-2.5730	55.9688	0.710368	Limestone 	4	
JMW 01	Water	-1.9148	53.2591	0.710184	Limestone 	4	
HWP-17	Water	-1.3116	53.3698	0.709378	Limestone 	 	
average				0.7099		 	
1 s 				0.0004		 	
n				7		 	
18) Devonian Scotland						 	
EBP-31	Plant	-2.2396	56.8652	0.709269	Sandstone	 	
E-Pool-1	Plant	-2.6854	59.2183	0.709299	Sandstone	 	
E-Pool-2	Plant	-2.6854	59.2183	0.709332	Sandstone	 	
EBP-40	Plant	-3.5066	56.4920	0.709338	Sandstone	 	
EBP-32	Plant	-2.2397	56.8690	0.709369	Sandstone	 	
EBP-33	Plant	-2.6110	56.7730	0.709538	Sandstone	 	
EBP-30	Plant	-2.2170	56.8940	0.709634	Sandstone	 	
EBP-39	Plant	-3.5307	56.3822	0.710068	Sandstone	 	
EBP-09	Plant	-4.1134	57.4757	0.713305	Sandstone	 	
E-Grut-2	Plant	-1.4984	60.2282	0.710951	Sandstone	 	
HIGH-13	Plant	-4.2231	57.4783	0.711433	Sandstone	 	
EBP-11a	Plant	-3.4966	57.6340	0.711620	Sandstone	 	
CUR 1	Bone	-3.9610	56.1490	0.710530	Sandstone	10	
LAP 1	Bone	-3.7770	56.2610	0.710530	Sandstone	10	
RED-2	Bone	-2.9298	59.1450	0.709458	Sandstone	10	
RED-3	Bone	-2.9298	59.1450	0.708805	Sandstone	10	
RED-9	Bone	-2.9298	59.1450	0.708270	Sandstone	10	
RED 10	Bone	-2.4500	59.3580	0.709581	Sandstone	10	
SUMB-10d	Dentine	-1.2915	59.8781	0.709312	Sandstone	9	
SUMB-17d	Dentine	-1.2915	59.8781	0.709387	Sandstone	9	
SUMB-1d	Dentine	-1.2915	59.8781	0.709315	Sandstone	9	
SUMB-2d	Dentine	-1.2915	59.8781	0.709275	Sandstone	9	
WSTN-11	Dentine	-3.0779	59.1442	0.709576	Sandstone	 	
RED-1	Bone	-3.2590	59.1150	0.709397	Sandstone	10	
SK002	Dentine	-3.0212	59.0655	0.709389	Sandstone	14	
SK005	Dentine	-3.0212	59.0655	0.709456	Sandstone	14	
SK019	Dentine	-3.0212	59.0655	0.709484	Sandstone	14	
TARB-28	Dentine	-3.8265	57.8390	0.709810	Sandstone	 	
JMW 03	Water	-3.0016	56.6218	0.709725	Sandstone	4	
average				0.7098		 	
1 s 				0.0010		 	
n				29		 	
19) Devonian N. Devon & Hereford  				 	
JMW-81	Water	-2.7208	52.0529	0.7124	Sandstone	 	
JMW 21	Water	-3.9400	51.1641	0.7120	Sandstone	4	
JMW 19	Water	-3.4099	51.1461	0.7121	Sandstone	4	
Exmoor-1	Plant	-3.6287	51.0769	0.7120	Sandstone	 	
average				0.7121		 	
1 s 				0.0002		 	
n				4		 	
20) Devonian W.  Devon					 	
CORN-2	Plant	-4.6540	50.3968	0.7100	Sandstone	 	
CORN-4	Plant	-4.1285	50.5175	0.7102	Sandstone	 	
average				0.7101		 	
1 s 				0.0001		 	
n				2		 	
21) Silurian Wales						 	
FISH-5	Plant	-3.7595	52.4397	0.709961	Mudstone	 	
FISH-2	Plant	-3.1911	52.5820	0.709988	Mudstone	 	
FISH-15	Plant	-4.8177	51.8013	0.710614	Mudstone	 	
FISH-1	Plant	-3.1911	52.5827	0.711368	Mudstone	 	
FISH-22	Plant	-3.9689	52.5227	0.711690	Mudstone	 	
FISH-16	Plant	-4.9683	51.7987	0.711755	Mudstone	 	
FISH-7	Plant	-3.9180	52.4124	0.711942	Mudstone	 	
FISH-24	Plant	-3.8400	52.6318	0.712449	Mudstone	 	
FISH-3	Plant	-3.3550	52.5010	0.712987	Mudstone	 	
FISH-4	Plant	-3.6229	52.4080	0.714671	Mudstone	 	
average				0.7117		 	
1 s 				0.0014		 	
n				10		 	
22) Silurian Wales						 	
JMW 26	Water	-4.1076	52.2469	0.712099	Mudstone	4	
JMW 05	Water	-2.9623	52.3468	0.713932	Mudstone	4	
FISH-23	Water	-3.8400	52.6318	0.712329	Mudstone	 	
JMW 08	Water	-3.0739	52.5412	0.711685	Mudstone	4	
JMW 20	Water	-3.0739	52.5412	0.711781	Mudstone	4	
JMW 13	Water	-3.0739	52.5412	0.711917	Mudstone	4	
average				0.7123		 	
1 s 				0.0008		 	
n				6		 	
23) Ordovician Wales					 	
FISH-11	Plant	-4.8932	51.9643	0.709449	Mudstone	 	
FISH-14	Plant	-4.6825	51.9647	0.709997	Mudstone	 	
FISH-8	Plant	-4.9594	51.8061	0.710010	Mudstone	 	
FISH-18	Plant	-4.8406	51.9071	0.710065	Mudstone	 	
FISH-25	Plant	-3.8481	52.6535	0.710066	Mudstone	 	
FISH-9	Plant	-4.9594	51.9144	0.710162	Mudstone	 	
FISH-17	Plant	-4.9257	51.8458	0.710381	Mudstone	 	
FISH-6	Plant	-3.8213	52.4162	0.710781	Mudstone	 	
FISH-20	Plant	-4.9058	51.9765	0.711026	Mudstone	 	
FISH-13	Plant	-4.7938	51.9172	0.711511	Mudstone	 	
FISH-19	Plant	-4.8506	51.8827	0.712169	Mudstone	 	
average				0.7105		 	
1 s 				0.0008		 	
n				11		 	
24) Ordovician C. Wales					 	
average	water			0.7130		2	
1s				0.0008		 	
n						 	
25) Ordovician N. Wales					 	
FISH-29*	Water (tap)	-4.4416	53.4162	0.7121	schist and gneiss 	
n				1		 	
 						 	
26) Cambrian Scotland					 	
HPC07-7	Plant	-5.9853	57.2048	0.709362	Limestone	 	
HIGH-10	Plant	-4.7199	58.5667	0.709622	Limestone	 	
HIGH-14	Plant	-4.8785	58.0313	0.709803	Limestone	 	
HPC-1	Soil	-5.9853	57.2048	0.709322	Limestone	 	
HPC-1	Soil	-5.9853	57.2048	0.709515	Limestone	 	
HPCS-103d	Dentine	-5.9853	57.2048	0.709263	Limestone	 	
HPC07-4	Water	-5.9853	57.2048	0.710358	Limestone	 	
average				0.70961		 	
1s				0.0004		 	
n				7		 	
27) Cambrian, Wales						 	
Wales 01	Water	-3.7950	52.8440	0.711432	sandstone	 	
Wales 03	Water	-3.8698	52.8564	0.711658	sandstone	 	
average				0.7115		 	
1s				0.0002		 	
n				2		 	
28) Neoproterozoic, England					 	
JMW 07	Water	-2.3808	52.0758	0.713288	Volcanic rocks	4	
average				0.7133		 	
1s						 	
n				1		 	
29) Proterozoic, Torridian 					 	
EBP-01	Plant	-5.7023	57.3039	0.711800	Sandstone	 	
EBP-02	Plant	-5.6393	57.3334	0.712314	Sandstone	 	
average				0.7121		 	
1s				0.0004		 	
n				2		 	
30) Proterozoic, Dalradian					 	
EBP-44	Plant	-3.8590	56.7666	0.709603	marble	 	
EBP-43	Plant	-3.7366	56.6997	0.709464	schist	 	
HIGH-16	Plant	-3.9455	56.7722	0.709564	schist	 	
EBP-45	Plant	-4.0909	56.8060	0.710212	schist	 	
average				0.7097		 	
1s				0.0003		 	
n				4		 	
31) Proterozoic,  Appin Group				 	
EBP-13	Plant	-2.8507	57.5504	0.710505	slates/schist	 	
EBP-14	Plant	-2.7568	57.5179	0.711728	slates/schist	 	
EBP-10	Plant	-3.6991	57.5350	0.711019	schist	 	
EBP-12	Plant	-2.9392	57.5290	0.711826	slates/schist	 	
average				0.7113		 	
1s				0.0006		 	
n				4		 	
32) Proterozoic, Dalradian					 	
EBP-22	Plant	-2.0014	57.6290	0.712689	schist	 	
EBP-26	Plant	-2.0684	57.3640	0.713276	schist	 	
ARD 14	Plant	-5.1419	56.6732	0.712279	schist	 	
EBP-42	Water	-3.7350	56.6986	0.712737	schist	 	
HIGH-07	Plant	-4.1024	57.0608	0.713417	schist	 	
EBP-17	Plant	-2.5639	57.6323	0.712154	schist	 	
EBP-18	Plant	-2.3996	57.6290	0.712163	schist	 	
EBP-16	Plant	-2.5868	57.6170	0.712691	schist	 	
EBP-21	Plant	-2.1001	57.6650	0.712906	schist	 	
average				0.7127		 	
1s				0.0005		 	
n				9		 	
33) Proterozoic  hotspots					 	
EBP-41	Plant	-3.6230	56.5880	0.720930	schist	 	
EBP-15	Plant	-2.6989	57.5370	0.725130	schist	 	
JMW 23	water	-3.2550	57.2700	0.720647	schist	 	
average				0.7222		 	
1s				0.0025		 	
n				3.0		 	
34) Proterozoic  S. Loch Shin					 	
ARD 02	Plant	-4.6807	57.2115	0.717269	granulite	 	
EBP-07	Plant	-4.6490	57.5930	0.717684	granulite	 	
HIGH-01	Plant	-4.3626	57.9091	0.713296	granulite	 	
HIGH-02	Plant	-4.4197	57.9276	0.719295	granulite	 	
HIGH-03	Plant	-4.7335	57.9679	0.716749	granulite	 	
HIGH-11	Plant	-4.4056	57.9692	0.713813	granulite	 	
EBP-25	Water	-2.0684	57.3644	0.717375	schist	 	
EBP-04	Water	-5.3547	57.4670	0.716673	Gneiss	 	
average				0.7165		 	
1s				0.0020		 	
n				8		 	
35) Proterozoic  N. Loch Shin					 	
HIGH-12	Plant	-4.8482	58.0485	0.711975	granulite	 	
HIGH-08	Plant	-4.4461	58.1167	0.710970	granulite	 	
HIGH-06	Plant	-4.5076	58.1945	0.710586	granulite	 	
HIGH-09	Plant	-4.0888	58.5381	0.711633	granulite	 	
HIGH-05	Plant	-4.2220	58.5251	0.710914	granulite	 	
average				0.7112		 	
1s				0.0006		 	
n				4		 	
36) Archean Gneisses- Lewisian				 	
HARW-3	Water	-6.8972	57.9384	0.717848	Gneiss	 	
HARW-5	Water	-7.0523	57.9785	0.718205	Gneiss	 	
HARW-1	Water	-6.8518	57.8566	0.723347	Gneiss	 	
average				0.7198		 	
1s				0.0031		 	
n				3		 	
37) Igneous rock S. Wales Palaeozoic				 	
FISH-10	Plant	-4.9696	51.8742	0.709138	basalt 	 	
FISH-12	Plant	-4.8534	51.9476	0.710438	basalt 	 	
Wales 10	Water	-4.6852	52.8056	0.710527	basalt 	 	
average				0.7100		 	
1s				0.0008		 	
n				3		 	
38) Igneous rocks  England < Palaeozic				 	
LIZ-1	Water	-5.1594	50.0596	0.706971	Basalt	 	
LIZ-2	Water	-5.1594	50.0596	0.706974	Basalt	 	
average				0.7070		 	
1s				0.0000		 	
n				2		 	
39) Igneous rocks Scotland Tertiary				 	
ARD 04	Plant	-5.8690	56.5500	0.706144	Basalt	 	
HIGH-19	enamel modern	-4.1710	56.5402	0.706551	Basalt	 	
JMW 14	Water	-3.7783	56.2623	0.706595	Basalt	4	
ARD 05	Plant	-5.8839	56.5524	0.707592	Basalt	 	
ARD 03	Plant	-5.8325	56.5432	0.708346	Basalt	 	
ARD 08	Plant	-5.5813	56.5723	0.708645	Basalt	 	
ARD 09	Plant	-5.7680	56.5497	0.708764	Basalt	 	
average				0.7075		 	
1s				0.0011		 	
n				7		 	
40) Igneous rocks  >Mesozoic Scotland				 	
ARD 16	Plant	-4.2686	55.8303	0.708487	Basalt	 	
AULD SK 216d	Dentine	-2.6515	56.0502	0.708551	Basalt	12	
AULD SK 883d	Dentine	-2.6515	56.0502	0.708311	Basalt	12	
EBP-38	Plant	-3.2488	56.1937	0.708740	Basalt	 	
Sourhope	water	-2.24165	55.4758	0.707980	Basalt	8	
RED-8	Soil	-6.4716	55.7414	0.708840	Basalt	10	
average				0.7085		 	
1s				0.0003		 	
n				6		 	
41) Dartmoor granite						 	
CORN-5	Plant	-3.9555	50.5637	0.711439	Granite	 	
HWP-10	Water	-3.8119	50.5768	0.713634	Granite	 	
average				0.7125		 	
1s				0.0016		 	
n				2		 	
42) Strontian Granite						 	
ARD 01	Plant	-4.8885	56.5808	0.709144	Granite	 	
ARD 07	Plant	-5.5813	56.5723	0.709605	Granite	 	
ARD 10	Plant	-5.6780	56.5614	0.711069	Granite	 	
average				0.7099		 	
1s				0.0010		 	
n				3		 	
43) Cairngorm, Etive & Angus granites				 	
EBP-46a	Plant	-3.6580	57.1469	0.716722	Granite	 	
EBP-47	Water	-3.6870	57.1642	0.719370	Granite	 	
EBP-48	Plant	-3.6870	57.1640	0.726595	Granite	 	
JMW 18	Water	-3.0000	57.0577	0.714631	Granite	 	
Aberd-4	Water	-3.7950	57.1159	0.715681	Granite	 	
Aberd-2	Water	-3.7711	57.1351	0.715709	Granite	 	
Glensaugh	water	-2.5428	56.8952	0.718440	Granite	8	
EBP-49	Plant	-3.8190	57.1762	0.714629	Granite	 	
ARD 15	Plant	-4.8380	56.4540	0.716189	Granite	 	
GP -1	bone	-2.8720	56.8990	0.715467	Granite	 	
SN1	bone	-2.8720	56.8990	0.719245	Granite	 	
average				0.7175		 	
1s				0.0035		 	
n	 	 	 	11	 	 	

Appendix Table 2  Data from coastal  and areas of Machair soil deposits

Sample	 	Longitude	Latitude	87Sr/86Srn	substrate	source	
Shetland, Orkney, Skye, Islay				 	
E-Shet-1	Plant	-1.3251	59.9725	0.709300	Machair on sandstone	 	
RED-4	Tooth	-6.3830	55.8160	0.709551	Machair on sandstone	10	
RED-6	Tooth	-6.3440	55.8190	0.709725	Machair on sandstone	10	
E-Scat-3	Plant	-1.3268	59.9011	0.709280	Sandstone	 	
E-Scat-2	Soil	-1.3268	59.9011	0.709446	Sandstone	 	
E-Scat-2	Soil	-1.3268	59.9011	0.709454	Sandstone	 	
ORK-5	Plant	-3.2989	58.9678	0.710200	Sandstone	 	
HPC07-2	Plant	-5.9911	57.2053	0.709421	Granite	 	
average				0.7095		 	
1s				0.0003		 	
Outer Hebrides 						 	
Frobost-309-oat	Plant	-7.4052	57.2034	0.709200	Machair on Gneiss	1	
Frorost-309-rye	Plant	-7.4052	57.2034	0.709200	Machair on Gneiss	1	
E-Ber-1	Plant	-6.9550	58.2256	0.710500	Machair on Gneiss	 	
Gals-S4	Soil	-6.3673	58.4492	0.709527	Machair on Gneiss	6	
RED-15	Soil	-7.5085	57.6177	0.709473	Machair on Gneiss	10	
CNIP-S1	Soil	-6.9488	58.2227	0.709825	Machair on Gneiss	6	
CNIP-S2	Soil	-6.9488	58.2227	0.710436	Machair on Gneiss	6	
Gals-S5	Soil	-6.3673	58.4492	0.710558	Machair on Gneiss	6	
JMW-72	Water	-7.3343	57.3878	0.709213	Gneiss	 	
CNIP D	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.708426	Machair on Gneiss	6	
RED-7	Tooth	-7.2611	57.6190	0.709245	Machair on Gneiss	10	
Gals-96	Tooth	-6.3673	58.4492	0.709380	Machair on Gneiss	6	
Gals-II	Tooth	-6.3673	58.4492	0.709459	Machair on Gneiss	6	
OYC  1b	Tooth	-7.2611	57.6190	0.709631	Machair on Gneiss	10	
CNIP B	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.709746	Machair on Gneiss	6	
CNIP F	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.709946	Machair on Gneiss	6	
CNIP A	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.710014	Machair on Gneiss	6	
CNIP C	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.710074	Machair on Gneiss	6	
RED-5	Tooth	-7.3762	57.6370	0.710086	Machair on Gneiss	10	
Gals-93	Tooth	-6.3673	58.4492	0.710290	Machair on Gneiss	6	
BA	Tooth	-6.9488	58.2227	0.710418	Machair on Gneiss	2	
Gals-IV	Tooth	-6.3673	58.4492	0.710940	Machair on Gneiss	2	
average				0.7098		 	
1s				0.0006		 	
Anglesey						 	
FISH-31	Plant	-4.2971	53.4105	0.710009	Schist/Gneiss	 	
Wales 08	Plant	-4.654	52.896	0.710241	Schist/Gneiss	 	
FISH-30	Plant	-4.4416	53.4162	0.710658	Schist/Gneiss	 	
E- Ang	Shell	-4.4498	53.4194	0.708531	Schist/Gneiss	 	
Llyn Cerig Bach	Water	-4.5395	53.2593	0.709883	Schist/Gneiss	 	
Llyn Rhos Ddu	Water	-4.3570	53.1579	0.709065	Schist/Gneiss	 	
S105-20d	dentine	-4.6191	53.2850	0.709594	Schist/Gneiss	 	
S105-22d	dentine	-4.6191	53.2850	0.709652	Schist/Gneiss	 	
average				0.7097		 	
1s				0.0007		 	
Lundy						 	
LUND-10	Tooth	-4.66667	51.16667	0.709288	Granite	 	
LUND-20	Tooth	-4.66667	51.16667	0.709403	Granite	 	
LUND-30	Tooth	-4.66667	51.1667	0.709886	Granite	 	
average				0.7095		 	
1SD				0.0003		 	
 						 	
30) Precambrian Dalradian NE Coastal				 	
EBP-23	Plant	-1.8680	57.5839	0.710300	Schist	 	
EBP-27	Plant	-2.0860	57.2490	0.710664	Schist	 	
EBP-28	Plant	-2.0960	57.2472	0.711100	Schist	 	
EBP-29	Plant	-2.1511	57.0470	0.711500	Schist	 	
average				0.7113		 	
1s	 	 	 	0.0003	 	 	

Appendix Table 3. data sets used to extrapolate into areas of low sample coverage.

Area of low/no data coverage	Data used for extrapolation	
Lake Palaeozoic sediments	Welsh Silurian Sediments	
Lake District Borrowdale Volcanic Group	Permo/Carboniferous Scottish volcanic rocks	
Southern Upland Palaeozoic sediments	Welsh Silurian Sediments	
Southern Upland Granites	Caringorm/Etive/Angus Granites	
Granites North Great Glen	Caringorm/Etive/Angus Granites	
Eastern England	 Greensand	
North Wales Ordovician Volcanics	Permo/Carboniferous Scottish volcanic rocks	
SW England granites	Dartmoor granite 	
Magnesian limestone	Carboniferous Limestone values	
Tertiary Granites on Arran, Mull	Skye granite (Evans et al. in press)	
Eastern England Tills	Single value from Easington	
Scottish Carboniferous gritstone	English Carboniferous Gritstone	

Appendix Table 4  Data from the analysis of land snail shells.  * reference 16.

Sample	Longitude	Latitude	87Sr/86Sr	Lithology	Age	
E-Whitby	-0.6058	54.4881	0.709005	Clay	Jurassic	
ED-1	-3.2492	55.9142	0.708824	Basalt	Igneous Extrusive	
E-BAIL	-1.7854	53.8473	0.709775	Coal measures	Carboniferous	
E-gtorme-1	-3.8556	53.3309	0.709188	Limestone	Carboniferous	
TREW-1	-5.1595	50.0596	0.709425	Schists	Metamorphic Rocks	
E- Ang	-4.4498	53.4194	0.708531	Gneisses	Precambrian	
EH12	-4.2372	51.6090	0.709200	Limestone	Carboniferous	
GOW-1	-4.2682	51.6205	0.709436	Limestone	Carboniferous	
E-ox-1	-1.3205	51.7170	0.708417	Limestone	Jurassic	
E-gtorme-3	-3.7321	53.2418	0.709283	Mudrock	Silurian	
E-Wook	-2.6928	51.2067	0.709702	Clay	Triassic	
HUD-1	-1.8313	53.6815	0.709697	Coal measures	Carboniferous	
HUD-1	-1.8313	53.6815	0.710443	Coal measures	Carboniferous	
E-Glais	-4.0845	52.4157	0.710691	Mudrock	Silurian	
E-CHIS	-0.2734	51.4807	0.708954	Clay	Palaeogene	
E-birm-1	-1.9584	52.2928	0.709224	Clay	Triassic	
E-Hep-1	-2.0223	53.7491	0.709175	Gritstone	Carboniferous	
HUD-2	-1.8815	53.6596	0.709231	Gritstone	Carboniferous	
Amer 4	-0.5963	51.6847	0.709415	Chalk 	Cretaceous	
DS 3a*	1.2632	51.2760	0.708242	Sandstone	Palaeogene	
DS 3b*	1.2632	51.2760	0.708300	Sandstone	Palaeogene	
RF 3a*	1.2921	51.2630	0.708255	Sandstone	Palaeogene	
RF 3b*	1.2921	51.2630	0.708036	Sandstone	Palaeogene	
Cam-1.2	0.1307	52.2027	0.708373	Greensand	Cretaceous	
Gir 1.2	0.0813	52.2411	0.708389	Greensand	Cretaceous	
E-WHIT	-0.8077	51.7300	0.707707	Chalk	Cretaceous	
n=	26	average	0.7090			
 	 	1s	0.0007	 	 	

Appendix Figure 1. A summary diagram of  the range and precision of the average values taken from paper table 1.  There is a compositional gap in the averages between 0.713 and 0.716 at one sigma confidence levels which suggests that averaged values within this range should be uncommon in Britain.

Large format version of Figure 1b from main paper.